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ObjectiveTo compare the annual and age trends of the age-standard incidence rate （ASIR） and the age-standard mortality rate （ASMR） of lung cancer in countries with different human development index （HDI） from 1990 to 2019. MethodsThe data were collected from the global burden of disease study and GLOBOCAN 2020. The average annual percentage change （AAPC） and age trends of ASIR and ASMR in lung cancer were analyzed by the Joinpoint regression model， and the comparison between the four groups was analyzed by Kruskale-Wallis analysis. ResultsIn 2020， the incidence and mortality of lung cancer gradually increased with age and HDI grade. From 1990 to 2019， the global ASIR and ASMR of lung cancer decreased， and the ASIR of lung cancer among male decreased， while the ASIR of lung cancer among female increased. The results showed that ASIR of lung cancer in female residents in countries with very high HDI increased significantly from 1996 to 2011， resulting in an overall upward trend in female ASIR， while the other groups showed a downward trend. It was found that ASIR and ASMR of lung cancer in China and India were on the rise， while ASIR and ASMR of lung cancer in Russia and the United States were on the decline. ConclusionAlthough very high/high HDI countries face a higher burden of lung cancer occurrence and death， the accumulation of lung cancer burden is completed in the transitioning period. Therefore， lung cancer prevention measures in countries in transition are critical for global lung cancer control.
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Clinical research reports serve as the presentation of scientific research findings and directly reflect the quality of the research. This article describes the writing of different types of clinical research reports， such as observational studies and randomized controlled trial studies， with a particular focus on randomized controlled trials. Each scientific research design has its reporting focus， and the writing of scientific research papers has uniform requirements and a specific writing format. Mastering the proper format of drafting research reports is of practical value and significant importance for conduction high-quality clinical research.
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Statistics plays an important role in medical research， and the selection of appropriate statistical methods is crucial for drawing reliable and valuable conclusions. This paper provides a brief introduction to commonly used statistical analysis methods for medical data， covering descriptive analysis， parametric test， nonparametric test， correlation analysis， regression analysis， and analysis of survival data. It focuses on discussing the assumptions of multiple linear regression， logistic regression and Cox proportional risk regression， as well as how to choose the appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and interpreting medical data based on different research objectives and data types.
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Objective@#To investigate the development of hepatocyte senescence during liver fibrogenesis and to explore the effect and possible mechanism of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on hepatocyte senescence and liver fibrosis.@*Methods@#A total of 42 male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were selected. Eighteen rats were induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to establish the rat model of liver fibrosis. On the day 0, six and 28 after the establishment of the model, six rats were executed respectively to analyze the liver fibrosis and hepatocyte senescence in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis rat models. Twenty-four rats were divided into control group, CCl4 group, CCl4+ lentivirus vector (LV-CTR) group and CCl4+ LV-IGF-1 group, with six rats in each group.The rats were sacrificed on the 28th day after the establishment of the model. The liver tissues were obtained and the inferior vena cava blood was collected to analyze the effect of IGF-1 overexpression on liver fibrosis and hepatocyte senescence. Analysis variance (ANOVA), least significant difference (LSD) and Dunnett T3 test were performed for statistical analysis.@*Results@#Steatohepatitis on the 6th day and early stage of hepatic fibrosis on the 28th day, which indicated the model was successfully established. The results of the effects of IGF-1 overexpression on hepatic fibrosis and hepatocyte senescence showed that on the 28th day, compared with those of control group, both the score of Ishak liver inflammation and necrosis and the score of Ishak liver fibrosis were increased in the CCl4 group, CCl4+ LV-CTR group and CCl4+ LV-IGF-1 group (0, 14.55±1.94, 15.43±2.19 and 10.29±1.47, respectively; 0, 3.51±0.51, 3.21±0.79 and 1.32±0.40, respectively). The area of liver tissues by Masson staining (0.45±0.40, 5.62±1.08, 6.03±0.65 and 2.88±1.54), SA-β-Gal staining (1.75±0.80, 4.28±1.19, 4.92±1.14, 3.11±0.79), p53 (2.02±0.81, 4.36±1.02, 4.72±0.72 and 3.58±0.70) and progerin (0.72±0.40, 4.52±1.01, 4.01±1.25 and 2.66±0.80) all were increased. The levels of serum IGF-1 all were decreased ((632.00±6.04), (503.00±40.42), (508.00±21.94) and (572.40±5.94) ng/L). However the levels of ALT all were increased ((11.20±5.97), (214.00±73.90), (245.00±76.06) and (30.00±5.00) U/L). The relative expression levels of p53 (0.58±0.06, 1.78±0.18, 1.72±0.10 and 1.23±0.22) and progerin (0.12±0.02, 0.78±0.15, 1.32±0.20 and 0.81±0.16) in the primary hepatocytes were increased. The differences were all statistically significant (F=91.674, 90.778, 32.982, 9.726, 10.640, 17.029, 103.910, 30.059, 64.707 and 97.457, all P<0.05). Compared with those of CCl4+ LV-CTR group, the score of Ishak liver inflammation and necrosis and the score of Ishak liver fibrosis were decreased in the rats′ liver tissues of CCl4+ LV-IGF-1 group, the areas of Masson staining, SA-β-Gal staining, p53 and progerin in the liver tissues were decreased, the level of serum IGF-1 was increased, the level of ALT was decreased, and the relative expression levels of p53 and progerin in primary hepatocytes both were decreased. The differences were all statistically significant (all P<0.05, respectively).@*Conclusions@#Hepatocyte senescence increases in the process of liver fibrosis induced by CCl4. Overexpression of IGF-1 may alleviate liver injury, improve hepatocyte senescence and liver fibrogenesis by regulating the nuclear p53/progerin pathway.
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Objective To investigate the development of hepatocyte senescence during liver fibrogenesis and to explore the effect and possible mechanism of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on hepatocyte senescence and liver fibrosis.Methods A total of 42 male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were selected.Eighteen rats were induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to establish the rat model of liver fibrosis.On the day 0,six and 28 after the establishment of the model,six rats were executed respectively to analyze the liver fibrosis and hepatocyte senescence in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis rat models.Twenty-four rats were divided into control group,CCl4 group,CCl4 + lentivirus vector (LV-CTR) group and CCl4 + LV-IGF-1 group,with six rats in each group.The rats were sacrificed on the 28th day after the establishment of the model.The liver tissues were obtained and the inferior vena cava blood was collected to analyze the effect of IGF-1 overexpression on liver fibrosis and hepatocyte senescence.Analysis variance (ANOVA),least significant difference (LSD) and Dunnett T3 test were performed for statistical analysis.Results Steatohepatitis on the 6th day and early stage of hepatic fibrosis on the 28th day,which indicated the model was successfully established.The results of the effects of IGF-1 overexpression on hepatic fibrosis and hepatocyte senescence showed that on the 28th day,compared with those of control group,both the score of Ishak liver inflammation and necrosis and the score of Ishak liver fibrosis were increased in the CCl4 group,CCl4 + LV-CTR group and CCl4 + LV-IGF-1 group (0,14.55 ±1.94,15.43 ±2.19 and 10.29 ±1.47,respectively;0,3.51 ±0.51,3.21 ±0.79 and 1.32 ±0.40,respectively).The area of liver tissues by Masson staining (0.45 ±0.40,5.62 ± 1.08,6.03 ± 0.65 and 2.88 ± 1.54),SA-β-Gal staining (1.75 ± 0.80,4.28 ± 1.19,4.92 ± 1.14,3.11 ± 0.79),p53 (2.02 ±0.81,4.36 ±1.02,4.72 ±0.72 and 3.58 ±0.70) and progerin (0.72 ±0.40,4.52±1.01,4.01 ± 1.25 and 2.66 ± 0.80) all were increased.The levels of serum IGF-1 all were decreased ((632.00 ± 6.04),(503.00 ± 40.42),(508.00 ± 21.94) and (572.40 ± 5.94) ng/L).However the levels of ALT all were increased ((11.20 ± 5.97),(214.00 ± 73.90),(245.00 ± 76.06) and (30.00 ± 5.00) U/L).The relative expression levels of p53 (0.58 ± 0.06,1.78 ± 0.18,1.72 ± 0.10 and 1.23 ± 0.22) and progerin (0.12 ± 0.02,0.78 ± 0.15,1.32 ± 0.20 and 0.81 ± 0.16) in the primary hepatocytes were increased.The differences were all statistically significant (F =91.674,90.778,32.982,9.726,10.640,17.029,103.910,30.059,64.707 and 97.457,all P ＜ 0.05).Compared with those of CCl4 + LV-CTR group,the score of Ishak liver inflammation and necrosis and the score of Ishak liver fibrosis were decreased in the rats' liver tissues of CCl4 + LV-IGF-1 group,the areas of Masson staining,SA-β-Gal staining,p53 and progerin in the liver tissues were decreased,the level of serum IGF-1 was increased,the level of ALT was decreased,and the relative expression levels of p53 and progerin in primary hepatocytes both were decreased.The differences were all statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05,respectively).Conclusions Hepatocyte senescence increases in the process of liver fibrosis induced by CCl4.Overexpression of IGF-1 may alleviate liver injury,improve hepatocyte senescence and liver fibrogenesis by regulating the nuclear p53/progerin pathway.
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Objectives To assess the effect of nicorandil and trimetazidine on myocardial microcirculation reperfusion in patients with NSTEMI after elective PCI. Methods 80 patients with NSTEMI were randomly assigned to four groups: normal medicine group (CON), nicorandil group (NIC), trimetazidine group (TMZ) and Combination group (NIC+TMZ). The coronary angiography and PCI were performed after 10 days. MCE was taken since 72 hours after operation. Results There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the four groups (P > 0.05). The A, β and A ·β of group NIC were significantly higher than group CON (P 0.05). The A,βand A·βof group NIC+TMZ were significantly higher than group NIC or TMZ (P<0.05). Conclusions Nicorandil can improve the situation of myocardial reperfusion after elective PCI in patients with NSTEMI, and it has some synergetic effect when combined with trimetazidine.
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Objective To discuss the changes of plasma TXA2 and PGI2 levels in the rabbit model of pulmonary hypertension (PHA)induced by monocrotaline (MCT)when transplanted with endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Methods The rabbit pulmonary hypertension model was constructed by MCT induction. Rabbit endothelial progenitor cells were induced,separated and identified in vitro.50 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups,normal control group and model group were given M199 culture medium by tail vein injection,EPCs treatment group were given EPCs marked with fluorescent though tail vein injection. The levels of plasma TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1αwere detected and their ratio were calculated after three weeks. Results Compared with model group,the content of 6-keto-PGFlαin plasma in EPCs group was (130.67 ±17.54)u mol/L,which was increased sinnificantly. The content of TXB2 was (402.89 ±27.98 )u mol/L,which was decreased significantly.The ratio of TXB2 to 6-keto-PGF1 alpha between two groups was statistically significant(P<0.01 ). Conclusion EPCs transplantation can reduce the content of TXA2 and increase the content of PGI2 in the pulmonary hypertension rabbits induced by monocrotaline,then reverse the damage of pulmonary hypertension.